Seamus Heaneys Background and Poetry Essay -- Seamus Heaney Poets Poe

Seamus Heaney's Background and Poetry Seamus Heaney had a Roman Catholic childhood in a country zone of Northern Ireland. How does his verse mirror his experience? Heaney's verse can mirror his experience by his utilization of language and the strategy he communicates his encounters. I will cover his experience into three areas: his adolescence, the network and his appearance. I will begin by taking a gander at his sentiments and encounters in the sonnet 'Passing of a Naturalist'. The artist recollects when he was a little youngster. He saw the truth of what frogs were truly similar to in the outside contrasted with what was instructed in school. In school, the frogs are depicted like a regular educator conversing with youthful understudies. It is exceptionally belittling and comfortable concealing the way that they are 'rank', off-putting and nauseating in specific manners. For example the dam net bellied frogs were positioned and Poised like mud projectiles, their obtuse heads flatulating. They are depicted as resembling projectiles due to their size, shape, shading and the unnerving croaking clamors that the animal makes. It was another experience for him for he had not heard the clamors previously, to a coarse croaking that I had not heard previously. He didn't feel in the correct circumstance and it resembled he had never had an inclination that that previously. During his experience, he felt uncertain, restless and self-questioning. He puts himself down for he accuses himself for the foul dangers the frogs were giving him. His utilization of language can rapidly change the mind-set from a charming school setting to a loathsome, rancid and repellent environment. Heaney comprehended the clear and oversimplified lessons at school however is dazed and frightened when he moves toward the frogs. The po... ... interested by her he realizes he shouldn't be on the grounds that she has fouled up. Despite the fact that he feels so profoundly of this young lady he acknowledges how silly he was by letting them continue with the discipline; I who stood moronic. Now and again Heaney can utilize ironic expression so as to depict how society can be a disaster now and again. He utilizes the spellbinding words humanized shock to show this. He assembles two inverse words to shape an alternate importance. Thus edify and shock. Heaney has encountered numerous disasters throughout his life from Mid Term Break to Discipline. He explains this utilizing his own skill of writing to make spellbinding sonnets like these. What must be said about him is the manner by which he is capable enough to convey what is assume to be conveyed, successfully all together for a peruser like me to have such an effect on what is said.

Differentiated Instruction Essay

â€Å"What Is a Differentiated Classroom?† is the title of the principal part of our course message. Underneath the title is a statement from Seymour Sarason’s â€Å"The Predictable Failure of Educational Reform.† The statement states: â€Å"A distinctive approach to realize is the thing that the children are calling for †¦.All of them are discussing how our one-size-fits-all conveyance framework †which commands that everybody become familiar with something very similar simultaneously, regardless of what their individual needs †has bombed them. This is an amazing articulation and one that truly paints a precise image of quite a bit of my training style coming into this course †â€Å"a one-size-fits-all conveyance system.† My underlying response to the initial proclamation was somewhat protective and off-putting. As I kept on perusing, I was immediately approved when right away a short time later I read that teacher’s regularly pose the inquiry â€Å"How can I isolate time, assets and myself so I am a viable impetus for augmenting ability in all my students?† There are apparently just such a large number of necessities and factors to arrive at the majority in a study hall. Instruct to the center is by all accounts a coherent system. On the off chance that we accept the 80-20 guideline, we can arrive at 80% of the understudies reasonably successfully with this strategy. Of the staying 20 %, some bit of them ought to have the option to gather some portion of the data. Undoubtedly, I am accessible and urging of inquiries to help with comprehension. Furthermore, I may review an individual’s work with some sensible fluctuation. However, other than some on-the-fly changes I may make to assignments as I see need that is the degree of my separation in the study hall. Appears to be sensible enough! Or then again should I say SEEMED sensible enough!! The rest of part one immediately gave a harsh however persuasive insult. It offered a fast yet glaring difference to my apparently coherent strategy for activity. A couple of the â€Å"differentiation† ideas featured which filled in as inspiration an incited further perusing: †¢Teachers start where understudies are, not from the beginning of an educational plan manage †¢Teachers must be prepared to draw in understudies in guidance through various modalities, by engaging varying interests, and by utilizing differed paces of guidance alongside shifted degrees of unpredictability †¢Teachers give explicit approaches to every person to learn as profoundly as could be expected under the circumstances and as fast as could be expected under the circumstances, without accepting one student’s guide for learning is indistinguishable from anybody else’s. †¢Teachers start with an unmistakable and strong feeling of what comprises amazing educational program and drawing in guidance. At that point they ask what it will take to change that guidance so every student leaves away with understandings and abilities. †¢It is hard to accomplish a separated study hall in light of the fact that there are scarcely any instances of them. (Tomlinson, 1999) With these contemplations as a presentation and taking advantage of my drive for constant improvement the stage was set for the course. Pushing ahead, I find everything considered, what section one accomplished for looking my enthusiasm for separated guidance I accept the remainder of the book, the course exercise manual and the course itself accomplished for establishing the framework towards genuine usage. Coming up next are four exercise plans I have created to start the way toward separating exercises for my understudies. The separated ideas used are Entry Points, Problem Solving, Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences and Extension Menu’s. These exercises, while one of a kind in their systems, all mirror the basic supposition of Differentiated Instruction (DI). What's more, that supposition, as reflected in a realistic coordinator in our course exercise manual, is that †¦.Differentiation is a reaction to the learner’s needs utilizing learning profiles, premiums and availability in substance, procedure and item. The principal exercise built uses Howard Gardner’s â€Å"Entry Points† system. This exercise is intended to represent the different learning profiles of student’s and is dependent on Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences hypothesis. The significant precept of MI hypothesis is that individuals learn, speak to, and use information from numerous points of view. These distinctions challenge an instructive framework which expect that everybody can gain proficiency with similar materials similarly and that a uniform, all inclusive measure gets the job done to teach and test understudy learning. Accordingâ to Gardner, â€Å"the expansive range of studentsâ€and maybe the general public as a wholeâ€w ould be better off if controls could be introduced in various manners and learning could be gotten to through an assortment of means.† The Multiple Intelligences hypothesized in this hypothesis are: †¢Linguistic Intelligence â€The ability to utilize oral and additionally composed words successfully. †¢Logical-Mathematical Intelligence â€the capacity to viably utilize numbers and to reason. †¢Spatial Intelligence â€the ability to precisely see the visual/spatial world and make interior mental pictures. †¢Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence â€the capacity to dexterously move one’s body and to move and control objects. †¢Musical Intelligence â€a affectability to and handle of the components of music. †¢Interpersonal Intelligence â€the ability to see and recognize mind-sets, expectations, and sentiments of others. furthermore, utilizing reenactments to find out about occasions, sentiments and elective techniques for carrying on. †¢Intrapersonal Intelligence â€the capacity to know one’s self and follow up based on that information. †¢Naturalistic knowledge †the capacity to perceive and characterize plants, creatures, and minerals including a dominance of scientific classifications. (The Theory of Multiple Intelligences) Stemming from the MI hypothesis is Gardner’s â€Å"Entry Point† technique for instruction. As indicated by this technique, Gardner proposes understudy investigation of a given subject through upwards of five roads: Narrational (introducing a story), Logical-Quantitative (utilizing numbers or derivation), Foundational (looking at theory and jargon), Esthetic (concentrating on tangible highlights), and Experiential (hands-on). (Awards and Research Office) In using the Entry Point technique in the principal exercise plan, understudies will investigate and be acquainted with the universe of â€Å"new items and administrations through development, advancement and discovery† by means of four of the five passage focuses recorded: Narrational, Logical-Quantitative, Foundat ional and Esthetic. The fifth section point, Experiential, is remembered for the unit exercise and will be utilized as a summative encounter. The separated plan of this exercise takes advantage of the different learning styles of understudies through an assortment of procedures. Instructing Strategies Section Point Strategies for subject â€Å"New Products†: †¢Narrative: Students peruse the web looking for new items which have as of late been acquainted with the purchaser. Student’s arrange a rundown of their discoveries as they progress. †¢Logical/Mathmatic: Students accumulate measurements in regards to the deals of an item over the items life cycle. Student’s then consolidate that factual information into a chart by means of exceed expectations †¢Aesthetic: Students make a collection of new items alongside the segment who might use the item †¢Foundational: Entrepreneurship: Students see three of a potential five video cuts on the job of Inventors/Innovators/Entrepreneurs and their association with new items. Conversation to follow †¢Experiential: Field Trip to QVC to see new items as they are being shown, promoted and sold The second of the four separated exercises fixates on the fundamental inquiry of â€Å"What is the Six Step Developmental Process?† The separated procedure utilized in this exercise depends on Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. I anticipated assembling this exercise as Sternberg’s hypothesis is one that impacts me. Originating from the business the executives world, and being new to the occupation of educating, I discover quite a bit of my group guidance venture based with a genuine world â€Å"practical† slant. Additionally, as an administrator in business, one is continually endeavoring to put the right individuals in the right jobs inside an organization. Hiring’s, preparing, assessments, advancements, firings, migrations are every one of the a result of a manager’s assessment of representatives qualities, gifts, shortcomings and inadequacies. While assessing and putting individual’s the rules regularly took a gan der at are an employee’s explanatory, innovative and functional abilities. This hypothesis strikes me as an ideal relationship between's instructive/scholarly hypothesis and certifiable application. A concise rundown of Dr. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of (Successful) Intelligence battles that canny conduct emerges from a harmony between diagnostic, inventive and handy capacities, and that these capacities work by and large to permit people to make progress inside specific settings. Expository capacities empower the person to assess, break down, thoroughly analyze data. Imaginative capacities produce development, disclosure, and other inventive undertakings. Down to earth capacities integrate everything by permitting people to apply what they have realized in the suitable setting. To be effective in life the individual must utilize their logical, imaginative and functional qualities, while simultaneously making up for shortcomings in any of these zones. This may include chipping away at improving frail regions to turn out to be better adjusted to the necessities of a specific situation, or deciding to work in a domain that qualities the individual’s specific qualities (Pl

Blog Archive Why GMAT Prep Is Like Training for a Marathon

Blog Archive Why GMAT Prep Is Like Training for a Marathon Our friends at Manhattan Prep GMAT often tell students to think of the GMAT as a long-distance race. Successful runners conquer race day through specific goals, consistent training, and mental toughness. It turns out that the same holds true for successful GMAT test takers. Setting a Goal Pace The best runners don’t just aim for completion; they set a goal pace. How do they arrive at a specific, measurable goal? Marathon runners test their abilities on shorter races (5K, 10K, half-marathon) to determine an achievable goal for race day. Also, many runners are looking to beat various thresholds such as completing a marathon in under four hours. Similarly, if you’re taking the GMAT, you should have a goal score in mind. You arrive at that goal score by taking a practice test to gauge your current proficiency, and then setting a challenging but reasonable goal score. Usually that goal score also coincides with the benchmarks posted by the business schools you’re looking to attend. Having a specific goal in mind helps you develop an appropriate study plan and informs your test day strategies. Training Consistently The majority of a race outcome is dependent on the work you put in before on the race course; all of the training that your legs have endured will push you across the finish line. For runners, following a consistent training plan produces the physiological changes necessary for improving their pace; it gets their bodies ready for challenges they will face on race day. Just as runners aim to train 4-5 days a week with a couple rest days sprinkled in between, GMAT test takers should aim to do ~30 minutes of practice on most days and schedule longer (but not too long!) studying sessions for the weekends. Why? Well, first off, spending long stretches of time away from test material will wipe away some of the “gains” you made in previous weeks. If it’s been two weeks since you’ve looked at a Critical Reasoning question, you’ll need to refresh your memory on the various types of Critical Reasoning questions and the approaches for each. Regularly exposing yourself to the material will keep you moving forward instead of having to repeat a chapter that you previously covered. Second, consistent studying is more manageable than attempting to cram many hours of studying on the weekend. If you’re aiming to run 50 miles in a given week, trying to complete 40 of those miles over the weekend results in overtraining and perhaps even injury. Long, exhausting study sessions leave you tired and demoralized, and more importantly, it’s very difficult to master all of the content covered during those sessions because your brain is on overdrive. In fact, studies have shown that knowledge retention improves when students space out their study time. Shorter but more frequent study sessions also let you “sleep” on certain concepts and problems, and you will find that you’re able to tackle challenging problems with greater ease if you step away from them for a day or two. Lastly, consistent training leads to incremental improvements. Runs that felt tough two weeks ago start to feel easier because you’ve been training almost everyday and your body is making the appropriate physiological adjustments. It’s impossible to jump from a 500 to a 600 on the GMAT without making many small improvements along the way. Significant score improvements are achieved through a combination of incremental changes such as mastering Quant topics, using alternative problem-solving strategies, and improving time management. So open up a calendar and set a consistent study schedule. Feel free to vary it up by studying in different locations, mixing topics, etc. You’ll feel yourself training your brain muscles and the incremental improvements in performance will sufficiently prepare you for test day. Preparing for the Big Day Before race day, runners spent approximately one week “tapering.” Tapering involves reducing training volume to give your body rest, giving you that “fresh legs” feeling on race day. Staying up late the night before your test is a bad idea. Instead of frantically taking practice tests and completing problem sets during the week leading up to test day, try to taper the amount of studying so that you’re well-rested and “mentally fresh.” On the big day, all runners are nervous. The runners who hit their goals manage their nerves and exhibit mental toughness. They are optimistic because they know that they have set appropriate goals and trained consistently toward those goals, and they don’t let the challenges of race day get in their heads, focusing instead on producing the best outcome possible. Also, they are ready for the long haul. Instead of gassing themselves out by running too fast for the first half to the race, they conserve their energy to maintain the pace required to hit their desired finish time. How does that translate into strategies for test day? On test day, you’ll be nervous and that’s expected. Stay optimistic, gather confidence from all of the hard work you’ve put into studying, trust yourself, and stay mentally resilient in the face of challenging problems. Oh, and if you manage to also have fun on test day, I’m confident that you’ll deliver your best performance. Manhattan Prep is one of the world’s leading test prep providers. Every one of their instructors has a 99th percentile score on the GMAT and substantial teaching experience. The result? 17 years and thousands of satisfied students. By providing an outstanding curriculum and the highest-quality instructors in the industry, they empower students to accomplish their goals. Manhattan Prep allows you to sit in on any of their live GMAT classesâ€"in-person or onlineâ€"for free! Check out a trial class today. Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact Blog Archive Why GMAT Prep Is Like Training for a Marathon Our friends at  Manhattan Prep  often tell students to think of the GMAT as a long-distance race. Successful runners conquer race day through specific goals, consistent training, and mental toughness. The same holds true for successful GMAT test takers. Setting a Goal Pace The best runners do not just aim for completion; they set a goal pace. How do they arrive at a specific, measurable goal? Marathon runners test their abilities on shorter races (5K, 10K, half marathon) to determine an achievable goal for race day. Also, many runners are looking to beat various thresholds, such as completing a marathon in under four hours. Similarly, if you are taking the GMAT, you should have a goal score in mind. You arrive at that goal score by taking a  practice test  to gauge your current proficiency and then setting a challenging but reasonable goal score. Usually that goal score also coincides with the benchmarks posted by the business schools you’re looking to attend. Having a specific goal in mind helps you develop an appropriate study plan and informs your test day strategies. Training Consistently The majority of a races outcome depends on the work you put in before you are on the race course; all the training that your legs have endured will push you across the finish line. For runners, following a consistent training plan produces the physiological changes necessary for improving their pace; it gets their bodies ready for challenges they will face on race day. Just as runners aim to train four or five days a week with a couple rest days sprinkled in between, GMAT test takers should aim to do ~30 minutes of practice on most days and schedule longer (but not too long!) studying sessions for the weekends. Why? Well, first off, spending long stretches of time away from test material will wipe away some of the “gains” you made in previous weeks. If two weeks have passed since you looked at a Critical Reasoning question, you will need to refresh your memory on the various types of Critical Reasoning questions and the approaches for each. Regularly exposing yourself to the material will keep you moving forward instead of having to repeat a chapter that you previously covered. Second,  consistent studying  is more manageable than attempting to cram in many hours of studying on the weekend. If you are aiming to run 50 miles in a given week, trying to complete 40 of those miles over the weekend results in overtraining and perhaps even injury. Long, exhausting study sessions leave you tired and demoralized, and more importantly, mastering all the content covered during those sessions is very difficult because your brain is on overdrive. In fact, studies have shown that knowledge retention improves when students space out their study time. Shorter but more frequent study sessions also let you “sleep” on certain concepts and problems, and you will find that you are able to tackle challenging problems with greater ease if you step away from them for a day or two. Lastly, consistent training leads to incremental improvements. Runs that felt tough two weeks ago start to feel easier because you have been training almost every day and your body is making the appropriate physiological adjustments. Jumping from a 500 to a 600 on the GMAT is impossible without making many small improvements along the way. Significant score improvements are achieved through a combination of incremental changes, such as mastering Quant topics, using  alternative problem-solving strategies, and  improving time management. So open up a calendar and set a consistent study schedule. Feel free to vary things by studying in different locations,  mixing topics, etc. You will feel yourself training your brain muscles, and the incremental improvements in performance will sufficiently prepare you for test day. Preparing for the Big Day Before race day, runners spend approximately one week “tapering.” Tapering involves reducing training volume to give your body rest, giving you that “fresh legs” feeling on race day. Staying up late the night before your test is a bad idea. Instead of frantically taking practice tests and completing problem sets during the week leading up to test day, try to taper the amount of studying so that you are well rested and “mentally fresh.” On the big day, all runners are nervous. The runners who hit their goals manage their nerves and exhibit mental toughness. They are optimistic because they know that they have set appropriate goals and trained consistently toward those goals, and they do not let the challenges of race day get in their heads, focusing instead on producing the best outcome possible. Also, they are ready for the long haul. Instead of gassing themselves out by running too fast for the first half of the race, they conserve their energy to maintain the pace required to hit their desired finish time. How does that translate into strategies for test day? On test day, you will be nervous and that is expected. Stay optimistic, gather confidence from all the hard work you have put into studying, trust yourself, and stay mentally resilient in the face of challenging problems. Oh, and if you manage to also have fun on test day, I am confident that you will deliver your best performance. Manhattan Prep is one of the world’s leading test prep providers. Every one of its instructors has a 99th percentile score on the GMAT and substantial teaching experience. The result? Eighteen years and thousands of satisfied students. By providing an outstanding curriculum and the highest-quality instructors in the industry, it empowers students to accomplish their goals. Manhattan Prep allows you to sit in on any of its live GMAT classesâ€"in person or onlineâ€"for free!  Check out a trial class today. Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive Why GMAT Prep Is Like Training for a Marathon Our friends at  Manhattan Prep GMAT  often tell students to think of the GMAT as a long-distance race. Successful runners conquer race day through specific goals, consistent training, and mental toughness. It turns out that the same holds true for successful GMAT test takers. Setting a Goal Pace The best runners don’t just aim for completion; they set a goal pace. How do they arrive at a specific, measurable goal? Marathon runners test their abilities on shorter races (5K, 10K, half-marathon) to determine an achievable goal for race day. Also, many runners are looking to beat various thresholds such as completing a marathon in under four hours. Similarly, if you’re taking the GMAT, you should have a goal score in mind. You arrive at that goal score by taking a  practice test  to gauge your current proficiency, and then setting a challenging but reasonable goal score. Usually that goal score also coincides with the benchmarks posted by the business schools you’re looking to attend. Having a specific goal in mind helps you develop an appropriate study plan and informs your test day strategies. Training Consistently The majority of a race outcome is dependent on the work you put in before you are on the race course; all of the training that your legs have endured will push you across the finish line. For runners, following a consistent training plan produces the physiological changes necessary for improving their pace; it gets their bodies ready for challenges they will face on race day. Just as runners aim to train 4-5 days a week with a couple rest days sprinkled in between, GMAT test takers should aim to do ~30 minutes of practice on most days and schedule longer (but not too long!) studying sessions for the weekends. Why? Well, first off, spending long stretches of time away from test material will wipe away some of the “gains” you made in previous weeks. If it’s been two weeks since you’ve looked at a Critical Reasoning question, you’ll need to refresh your memory on the various types of Critical Reasoning questions and the approaches for each. Regularly exposing yourself to the material will keep you moving forward instead of having to repeat a chapter that you previously covered. Second,  consistent studying  is more manageable than attempting to cram many hours of studying on the weekend. If you’re aiming to run 50 miles in a given week, trying to complete 40 of those miles over the weekend results in overtraining and perhaps even injury. Long, exhausting study sessions leave you tired and demoralized, and more importantly, it’s very difficult to master all of the content covered during those sessions because your brain is on overdrive. In fact, studies have shown that knowledge retention improves when students space out their study time. Shorter but more frequent study sessions also let you “sleep” on certain concepts and problems, and you will find that you’re able to tackle challenging problems with greater ease if you step away from them for a day or two. Lastly, consistent training leads to incremental improvements. Runs that felt tough two weeks ago start to feel easier because you’ve been training almost every day and your body is making the appropriate physiological adjustments. It’s impossible to jump from a 500 to a 600 on the GMAT without making many small improvements along the way. Significant score improvements are achieved through a combination of incremental changes such as mastering Quant topics, using  alternative problem-solving strategies, and  improving time management. So open up a calendar and set a consistent study schedule. Feel free to vary it up by studying in different locations,  mixing topics, etc. You’ll feel yourself training your brain muscles and the incremental improvements in performance will sufficiently prepare you for test day. Preparing for the Big Day Before race day, runners spend approximately one week “tapering.” Tapering involves reducing training volume to give your body rest, giving you that “fresh legs” feeling on race day. Staying up late the night before your test is a bad idea. Instead of frantically taking practice tests and completing problem sets during the week leading up to test day, try to taper the amount of studying so that you’re well-rested and “mentally fresh.” On the big day, all runners are nervous. The runners who hit their goals manage their nerves and exhibit mental toughness. They are optimistic because they know that they have set appropriate goals and trained consistently toward those goals, and they don’t let the challenges of race day get in their heads, focusing instead on producing the best outcome possible. Also, they are ready for the long haul. Instead of gassing themselves out by running too fast for the first half of the race, they conserve their energy to maintain the pace required to hit their desired finish time. How does that translate into strategies for test day? On test day, you’ll be nervous and that’s expected. Stay optimistic, gather confidence from all of the hard work you’ve put into studying, trust yourself, and stay mentally resilient in the face of challenging problems. Oh, and if you manage to also have fun on test day, I’m confident that you’ll deliver your best performance. Manhattan Prep is one of the world’s leading test prep providers. Every one of its instructors has a 99th percentile score on the GMAT and substantial teaching experience. The result? 18 years and thousands of satisfied students. By providing an outstanding curriculum and the highest-quality instructors in the industry, it empowers students to accomplish their goals. Manhattan Prep allows you to sit in on any of its live GMAT classesâ€"in person or onlineâ€"for free!  Check out a trial class today. Share ThisTweet GMAT

Essay on The Epicenter of an Earthquake - 970 Words

Earthquakes can devastate a city. They are a force of nature that can destroy any structure. The earth is made up of moving tectonic plates. Earthquakes occur along or near tectonic plate boundaries where two plates meet. These plates are solid rock and sit on the mantle which is a layer of molten rock. This molten rock is constantly moving in a convection current. The earth’s core is what generates the heat. The hotter rock rises away from the core and pushes up against the crust. Here it cools and then moves away on both sides. The now cooled rock sinks back to take the place of the hotter rock that has risen as shown in the diagram on the right. When the rock pushes against the crust it moves sideways. This moves the tectonic plates†¦show more content†¦As shown in the diagram on the right, the fault runs straight through San Francisco and right along the coast. When the two plates slide along they create huge quakes that shake the ground. There have been many eart hquakes generated from this fault line but the worst one was in 1906. At 5:12 am on the 18th of April 1906 in San Francisco the foreshock hit the slumbering city. The force of the earthquake was so great that the tremors were felt right throughout the San Francisco and it reached as far inland as Nevada (500km away). Along the San Andreas fault the plate slipped up to 21 feet. 20 seconds after the initial foreshock the main earthquake hit, lasting for about 1 minute. Although it lasted for merely a minute it wrecked mass destruction. After the quake people walked the streets confused. Some people had no idea how much damage had been done. Some people walked to work as per usual only to find the buildings on a lean or fallen. Not only was there structural damage to the city but there was a significant loss of life. Many people were trapped under building and cries of help could be heard coming from the piles of rubble. Those that survived could not be taken to the hospitals as they had sustained major damage. The injured were taken to the dance hall. What no one realised that the worst was yet to come. The greatest tragedy had not yet unfolded. The earthquake had severed gas mains andShow MoreRelatedEarthquakes Are Natural Disasters That Can Have Devastating Consequences867 Words   |  4 PagesIt is no secret that earthquakes are natural disasters that can have devastating consequences. Earthquakes are defined as â€Å"vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy† (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2014, p. 548). These vibrations are the result of seismic waves, which are emitted from the epicenter during an earthquake (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2014, p. 191). 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We all know that when a building is subjected to inertial forcesRead More7th Grade Science971 Words   |  4 Pagesthat results in relative movement or opposing sides. Seismic Wave- earthquake waves, including primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves. Epicenter- the point on earths surface located directly above the earthquakes focus. Magnitude- a measure of the energy released by and earthquake. Seismograph- instrument used to record seismic waves. Tsunami- powerful seismic sea wave that begins over an ocean floor earthquake can reach 30 minutes height when approaching land and can use destructionRead More Earthquakes Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesEarthquakes Throughout history, man has made many advancements. These advancements have been made to make life easier. The one thing man cant do is to control Mother Nature. Mother Nature can cause many things such as earthquakes. The causes of earthquakes have been theorized in many ways. According to the book Predicting Earthquakes by Gregory Vogt, the Greeks, blamed the earthquakes on Poseidon, god of the sea(25). The Hindu believed that the earth was a platform that rested on theRead MoreThe Tectonic Setting For The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake990 Words   |  4 Pagestectonic setting for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake was in the outermost shell of earth consisting of rigid plates that have been moving for hundreds of millions of years. Two of these moving plates meet in western California; the boundary between them is a zone of faults, the principal one being the San Andreas fault. The Pacific Plate (on the west) slides horizontally northwestward relative to the North American Plate (on the east), causing earthquakes along the San Andreas and associated faultsRead MoreTsunami And Its Effects On The Ocean1203 Words   |  5 Pagesare waves caused by sudden movement of the ocean due to earthquakes, landslides on the floor of the sea, land falling into the ocean, volcanic eruptions, or large meteorite impacts. Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of large magnitude at the seafloor. When large slabs of rock are forced to slide along each other suddenly causing the water to move. The wave that is formed from this moves outwards and away from the earthquake epicenter. Landslides can cause tsunamis and so can land which falls

Leadership And President Of Diversified Funding - 1814 Words

When trying to find the meaning of a word, people turn to the dictionary; in the case of leadership, Webster Dictionary defines it as, â€Å"the power or ability to lead other people† (Merriam Webster). Yet, this definition is not sufficient. â€Å"Leadership† embodies varying degrees of meaning as well as different types of leaders, including successful and unsuccessful ones. â€Å"Leadership† and â€Å"leader† can be used interchangeably in this sense, as a leader represents all that leadership seeks to obtain. Representatives from various companies define leadership in differing ways. Mark Little, the founder and president of Diversified Funding, states A leader is someone [who] leads by example and has the integrity to do the right thing even when it is not popular. A good leader has positive influence over others, inspiring them to become a better person and example for others to model their life against, as well (Helmrich). This definition of a leade r is key in understanding the actions of various successful leaders such as Lincoln and Civil Rights lawyers such as Charles Hamilton Houston and Jack Greenberg in regard to the Brown v. Board of Education case. In regard to these to mean and other Civil Rights lawyers such as Thurgood Marshall, Pauli Murray, and Eleanor Holmes Norton, Andrea Walker-Leidy, owner of Walker Publicity Consulting, is precise in saying, Leadership is the ability to see a problem and be the solution. So many people are willing to talk about problems or can evenShow MoreRelatedA Report On Westjet Airlines Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesbreaks it into different CIO. The different CIOs just concentrate on the specific business and provide IT service. It is the significant method to improve the specialization and efficiency. Moreover, there are several BU-CIO departments in the IT leadership level. The main performance of BU-CIO is to in charge of the successful of business unit. The organization of IT government is matched the organization of business to make sure the resource and priorities are under the control. 1.2 managing riskRead MoreProblems Facing Non-Profit Organizations1593 Words   |  7 Pagescoping with reduced and less stable funding, resulting in lower pay, greater reliance on temporary employment arrangements, and diminished job security.† (DAWN Ontario - Disabled Women’s Network Ontario,  ¶ 1) The lack of funding provided for recruiting and retaining positions will be difficult thus stalling organizational goals and objectives. Non-profits are also having difficulties recruiting diverse professionals. This is another issue disturbing NPO’s. Diversified staffing is an advantage in theRead MoreUnited Nations Security Council And World Bank1598 Words   |  7 Pages2015). In addition, its leadership is enshrined on the presidency, which as opposed to other organs is rotated on monthly basis among its members. In its effort to enhance security, however, the council enforcement purely relies on the resolution of the United Nations peacekeepers who decide when and how necessary it is to seek for military intervention (Chatterjee, 2011). Being central to all operations, the member states provide military forces voluntarily though the funding of the council’s peacekeepingRead MoreHealth Organization Case Study: Unitedhealth Group Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pageshow they satisfy their patients. About United Healthcare The largest for profit healthcare carrier in the United States (US) is UnitedHealth Group, the parent of UnitedHealthcare. Headquartered in Minnetonka, Minnesota, UnitedHealth Group is a diversified managed health care company founded in 1977 and ranking #17 in the top 500 companies in the US, according to Fortune magazine. UnitedHealth Group has a total workforce of approximately 150,000 in the 50 US states and 20 other countries and servesRead MoreHistory of African Americans and Higher Education Essay example1188 Words   |  5 Pagesprohibited funding to segregated schools and colleges (Roebuck Murty, 1993). Even after that, the legal fight continued by the south, but the 1969 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education decision immediately ended all school segregation. Since the litigation period has ended, not all has gone smoothly, despite the optimism that things would improve. Private colleges and universities have been hampered by financial problems. Raising money rema ins a major challenge for a black college president orRead MoreEnrollment Management Within Postsecondary Education1539 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents †¢ Research: Collecting and analyzing trends that affect enrollment †¢ Marketing: Promoting the institution The Director of Admissions embodies the admissions or recruitment aspect of the division. Reporting directly to the President of the university or the Vice President of enrollment management, the Director provides guidance and direction to the admissions staff, recognizes trends in enrollment, conducts research and analyzes data to ensure that the Admissions Department is meeting the enrollmentRead MoreComparison Between American And Chinese Higher Education1624 Words   |  7 Pagesdistribute the education grant to the states by the intent of Congress, and to provide scholarships to the students in the United States.. States with state superintendent or education director, responsible for formulating the statewide education policy, leadership and institutions in the States implement these policies. The selection of Private University sponsored by the University of agency manager will take charge of administrative power. Public University Council decides the guidelines and provision sRead MoreThe American National Red Cross Essay2626 Words   |  11 PagesCongressional and Public Scrutiny Introduction Every America student in grade school learns about the Red Cross symbol, the infamous Clara Barton and her heroic work as the Angel of Battlefield across the globe, and her eventual appointment as president of the American Red Cross (ARC). In 1900, Congress awarded the ARC the first federal charter. In 1905, one year after Clara Barton resigned over scrutiny involving her management styles, the US Congress overhauled the organization’s charter and by-lawsRead MoreCase Analysis : Northrop Grumman Corporation6339 Words   |  26 Pages2009 Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President Northrop Grumman Corporation Marianne Brown 2015 Chief Operating Officer SunGard Financial Systems Victor H. Fazio 2000 Senior Advisor Akin Gump Strauss Hauer Feld LLP Donald E. Felsinger 2007 Lead Independent Director, Northrop Grumman Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Sempra Energy Bruce S. Gordon 2008 Former President Chief Executive Officer, NAACP Former President Retail Markets Group, Verizon CommunicationsRead MoreLoblaw Companies Limited: Preparing for Wal-Mart Supercenters2155 Words   |  9 PagesCase 16 1. The grocery industry is a commoditized industry, which makes it difficult for grocers to sustain through differentiation. Buyer power is high and thus, cost leadership and operational efficiencies are critical. There is fierce competition amongst various grocery stores, with the main players such as Loblaw and Aamp;P holding multi-banner stores in various market segments. Traditional grocery stores also lose some of their market share to drug stores, convenience stores and other retailers

Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing - 1522 Words

Around the world, there has been an enduring controversial issue and that is animal testing and research. Since the beginning of medicine, animals were used in the testing of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices to determine the safety of a product due to their similarities in diseases with humans. However this is considered unnecessary due to the creation of alternatives for animal testing. Despite these alternatives the majority of animal testing still has not come to halt. This issue deserves to be attentive to instead of turning a blind eye as we consumers have always done dragging the issue and understand how our products are developed. The audience for this topic is generally people who are consumers of products and UTA students. In†¦show more content†¦Researchers experimented on live animals without anesthetics causing public uproar., in the mid to late 1900s there was an increase in animal testing, which caused a public frenzy resulting in the controversy today. In the early 2000’s we have discovered alternatives, but somehow they’re not preferred. Currently there are many opinions on the subject, however in this essay I am only focusing on 3 main views. The first position are the defenders of animal testing. These people support using animals for testing and research in belief that they advance our knowledge in medicine for humans and animals alike. People who are on this position believe this because throughout the history of medicine and even today animals are being used to validate the products we use and take part in our research. Because physicians before us used animal testing to get us from where we are today we have things like antibiotics, insulin, oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, cancer treatment, vitro fertilization, organ transplant, open-heart surgery, organ transplant, and a wide array of surgical procedures that have all been made possible. There were some cases where animal testing was not used which brought harm to the consumer of products. For instance in 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the US created a sulfanilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, but did not know that it was poisonous since it wasn’t testing on first. After creating the drug he simply addedShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing937 Words   |  4 PagesAbout Animal Testing? Kaylee Smith 9-6-2017 AGR 199 Introduction and Background Not very many people think about the fact that a majority of the products they buy have been tested on animals, let alone animal testing in general. Animal testing has been going on for many years, with the use of dogs, cats, mice, rabbits, mini pigs, and farm animals. When someone brings up animal testing there usually is an argument about the pros and cons. Many people are against it because the animals are beingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing2973 Words   |  12 Pagescabinet has been tested on an animal at one point or another. A government funded corporation called the Food and Drug Administration, abbreviated as the FDA, is in charge of making sure that all drugs, cosmetics, biological products, and more are efficient, secure, and safe for human usage. The FDA will not allow any drug to be released or sold to the human population if it has not first been tested on animals. In fact, when a drug is first created it is tested on animals before humans are even all owedRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Each year in USA laboratories more then 100 million animals are burned, poisoned and lamed (Top 5 Shocking Animal Experimentation Facts). Each year scientists use animals in order to progress, to improve life of people and animals. However, many testing animals suffer and die. But others do not agree and support the fact that we should use animals because of advance. So what are advantages and disadvantages of using animals? This problem will be researched from different areas such asRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1074 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Testing is a enormous upset in the word today. Animal activist have been trying to put an end to it for years , but to no avail. Animal testing is when scientist will use animals to do experiments on . They will either hook heavy machinery to these poor defenseless animals or inject them with harsh chemicals just to see if its okay for human use. Over 26 millions of animals are used every year in just the united states alone for these cruel acts by the hand of man. Testing on animals haveRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1288 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Each animal bred or used for research, whether a mouse, fish, or monkey, is an individual capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and distress† (â€Å"Animal† 2013). The advancements in technology today had sparked a debate worldwide on whether it is right or wrong to use animals for experimentation in laboratories. With newl y advanced scientific technology, experts are able to utilize advanced technology to simulate functions of the human body on a much smaller scale, including microchips of humanRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing2487 Words   |  10 PagesMillions of animals suffer painfully and even die as an outcome of scientific research. The effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products slowly kill innocent animals every year. Although some people believe animal testing is necessary, others firmly believe that the alternatives choices that have been discovered over the years are the way to go. Especially because these choices are cheaper, more reliable and do not harm animals. This essay looks into the pros and cons of animalRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity -driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Animal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing826 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing, although extremely debated, is something that should no longer be practiced anywhere around the world. Let’s start by taking a look at just how much animal testing is practiced in the United States as well as in other countries. The article called, â€Å"Animal Use Statistics† from the Humane Society International, says, â€Å"Only a small proportion of countries collect and publish data concerning their use of animals for testing and research, but it is estimated that more than 115 millionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pag esthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of animals fromRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing905 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been the target of animal cruelty groups since the beginning of its existence, but the benefits it provides, humans and animals far greater than the type of method that is used to get the results. Scientists Karl Landsteiner’s success in finding a cure to polio is an example of how the benefits of animal testing helped better future human lives. In his experiments he discovered that P olio viruses had three variations, meaning that they would have to produce a product that could

Dialogue on Agriculture Cooperative in Cambodia free essay sample

The workshop aimed to improve the capacity of all communities in checking (controlling) and making balance all activities in their communities which consists of regular closing entry, income statement (expense and income), capital, number of members, number of shares and stakeholders, asset in community, to promote, to sharpen and to strengthen the knowledge of farmer leader on management and leadership for implementing in their community and to egg farmers to produce more and more rice following the government policy stating that â€Å"Exporting rice 1 million tones by 2015†. Speaking at the workshop, Mr. PEL Sokha explained about how important of the establishment of agricultural community (cooperative) is. He says cooperative is the process of improving the standard of living, increase income and empowerment. The cooperatives will provide a lot of benefits to farmer members. They can commonly set the selling price of their farm products (at high and the same level), and access to loan from both government and NGOs easily. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialogue on Agriculture Cooperative in Cambodia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the second day of the workshop, he presented about the agricultural policies with its objectives and different interventions to reach the objectives: (i) the agricultural price stability, and (ii) increasing the farmer income. Regarding the interventions in rice production development he emphasized the guarantee price of paddy and the loan rate. Regarding the credit, he spoke about the â€Å"Death Assurance of the Borrower† in order to release the family from debt. Dr. Yang Sang Koma also echoed to what Sokha stated. Dr. Koma added that he is very happy to see the progress of each community. There are four main things to know about the advantages of community. They are: farmers can set the selling price of farm products, farmer can access to all of agricultural items (lower price), they can get technical services from government easily and access to loan from the government easily. However, Dr. Koma presented about the financial management and the Profit Theory (Mehrwert Theorie) that could help farmer to have confidence on cooperative. He urges all participants to list down all income and expenses and the quantity of rice (paddy) in store. Farmers must review the weaknesses and strength of community themselves. Dr. Koma hopes that all participants can do all points as they try hard to catch attention from the government caring them in term of agriculture and help government to produce more and more rice following the policy. To be nothed that FNN supports 25 cooperatives containing 1881 members and only nine cooperatives have already been registered by provicial department of agriculture. After establishing cooperative, farmers are easy to sell, buy any kinds of products especially agricultural products in a suitable price; they gain revenue from share.

Asian Economic and Financial Crisis essays

Asian Economic and Financial Crisis essays The crisis began in Thailand in July 1997 and spread to Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia, then to Hong Kong, Korea and Japan. Financial systems in Thailand, Korea and Japan all came under intense strain, but nowhere as destructively as in Indonesia, which by early 1998 had become the worst-affected victim. The 1997 Asian financial meltdown began in Thailand on July 2 after the collapse in late June of 16 finance companies alerted investors to the strains on the financial system. After surging ahead in the mid 90s Thai exports had shrunk in 1996. The government was shaky, economic growth was slowing, and there had already been two speculative attacks on the currency. By July 1997 money market traders believed the government could be forced to abandon its pledge to link the Thai baht to the US dollar. Malaysia was not as badly hit by the currency crisis as Thailand, Indonesia or South Korea. Mahathir's complaints helped bolster his political support at home but undermined his nation's credibility with the outside world. Hong Kong remained almost untouched by the Asian turmoil until a massive selloff of its sharemarket in the week of 20 October, a trauma that brought home to the world that the crisis would not be isolated to Southeast Asia. The dive in the market was driven by fears of a downturn in the Hong Kong economy and the prospect it would abandon the peg between the Hong Kong and US dollars. In the background was a deeper concern, that financial strife in Hong Kong could have profound effects on China. China had been the darling of Western investors for several years, and huge projects will be under threat if the Chinese economy strikes trouble. China is partially insulated from the turmoil because its own financial markets are rigidly controlled. But its banks are similarly overburdened with debt and its exports at risk from a worldwide slowdown in demand. ...

Form and Forum

Form and Forum Form and Forum Form and Forum By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is the difference in form and forum? Are they interchangeable? If not, what is the correct usage for each one? Regarding etymology, the noun form derives from Latin forma, whose primary meaning is shape or configuration. One speaks of â€Å"the human form,† â€Å"a form of behavior,† â€Å"the forms of a verb,† and so forth. Schools categorize students into forms, according to age or achievement. Certain types of behavior are considered â€Å"good form† or â€Å"bad form.† In our age of bureaucracy, we are frequently required to fill in the blanks on documents called forms. The English noun forum derives from Latin forum, â€Å"open space where people gather.† When people gather for any purpose, they exchange opinions. In Roman cities, the Forum was a centrally located open space where people sold produce and goods and where political candidates gave speeches. One of the meanings of forum in English is, â€Å"a place of public discussion.† On the Web, readers voice their opinions in a multitude of forums dedicated to various topics of discussion. Some of these forums boast memberships in the millions (figures from Wikipedia, â€Å"List of Internet forums†): Gaia Online (anime) 27,554,643 members; 1,000,000 posts per day. Bodybuilding 7,690,808 members; 108,244,009 posts per day. Stackoverflow (programming) 2,700,000 members; 26,000,000 posts per day. Here are some examples of form and forum in context: Why is it considered bad form to put the [wine] bottle on the table when opening it? Create a form to enter and view your data What is the simplest form to use to file my taxes? I propose establishing a Bitcoin peer review board [that would be] a forum of knowledgeable people that understand Bitcoin The Court of Public Opinion (COPO) is a Worldwide Forum of Ethics. Creighton Hosts Open Forum with Candidates for U.S. Congress It’s difficult to see how the nouns form and forum might be confused for one another. Speakers of some regional dialects do drag out the word form in speech, but in standard English, form is a one-syllable word. Forum is made up of two syllables. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastHow to Pronounce Mobile40 Synonyms for Praise

Selection of US Supreme Court Justices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Selection of US Supreme Court Justices - Essay Example Constitution Article 3 Section 1") The US Supreme Court Justice System is on par in terms of power and influence as the President and the Senate. The US Supreme Court is mandated to uphold the Constitution in any issue. It is to determine the constitutionality of a ruling rather than the determination of innocence or guilt, or the legality of an issue. It is thus of extreme importance that a Supreme court judge be thoroughly cognizant of the US Constitution and to be able to set aside ideologies whether social, political or cultural. Special interest groups should have no hand in influencing the selection process. (Salvato, 2005) The first nine Supreme Court Justices were named in 1789, but it was not until 1816 that the Senate authorized the formation of the Committee on the Judiciary for the explicit purpose of considering and confirming (or rejecting) the nomination of an associate or chief justice for the Supreme Court. It was only at this time that some sort of check and balance was deemed necessary because of t he lack of specificity of the terms of the Constitution regarding the selection of justices. It gave the president too much leeway in selecting a nominee and left the confirmation of such an important post to the whims of a directionless Senate, who is supposed to "advice and consent". Note that deliberate and investigate is not included in this definition of the Senate's role in the justice selection. However, wise heads determined in 1816 that even if it was not subscribed in the Constitution, it should be established to confirm the legitimacy of the appointment. The system worked quite well but in 1987 the proceedings became quite contentious enough to arouse public interest. It was in the nomination of Robert Bork and the Roe v. Wade case that the Senate hearings became a matter of public debate. However, no other case has attained this level of public notice with regard to Supreme Court Justice selections since and between 1994 and 2005 was quiet because it was time that the nine members of the Supreme Court remained constant. This ended with the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in July of 2005 and the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist in September of that same year. President Bush found himself in a position compelled to name successors to the two vacancies. President Bush complied by naming John Roberts and first Harriet Miers and then Samuel Alito to fill the positions. (Dorsen, 2006) This sparked renewed interest in the process of selecting and confirming justices to the Supreme Court. This paper seeks to provide an overview of this process as well as the political aspects that has influenced the process in recent years. A brief description of the nominations of Roberts, Miers and Alito will serve as case studies to illustrate the current procedures and p ractices. The Process and the Politics Federal judges are assured of their positions for life or until resignation "during good behavior" as mandated by Article II of the US Constitution. This is to ensure that confirmed judges are free to rule on

The Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake - Essay Example The Lamb is meek, vulnerable and harmless. The picture of the Lamb’s feeding â€Å"by the stream and o’er the mead† suggests God’s kindness in creation and echoes similar descriptions as seen in the Bible particularly Psalms 23, as well as the parables of Jesus. In the second stanza, Blake reminds the readers that the God who created the Lamb is also like the Lamb, considering that Jesus is known as the â€Å"Lamb of God.† The poem seems to be essentially about God’s love revealed through His care for The Lamb and the child and about the apparent paradox that God became both child and Lamb in coming, as Jesus, into the world. The image of a child is also associated with Jesus. In the Bible, Jesus shows a special preference for children. Likewise, the Bible depicts the childhood of Jesus, showing him to be guileless and vulnerable. â€Å"The Tyger† on the other hand is a poem that tells of the realities of life through the magnificence of a tiger. For generations, The Tyger has been interpreted differently but its fundamental meaning is the natural and creative energy of human life, an inspiring shape (â€Å"symmetry†) that no one should try to control. Blake’s poetry tells of the extremes of human experiences, which is richly portrayed in his poem, â€Å"The Tyger†. The tiger is fierce, active and predatory portraying the extremes of human experience. The poem encompasses the darkest forces of ignorance which are transcended by the divine, transcendental consciousness which combines both polarities of light and darkness. The questions presented in â€Å"The Tyger† are directed at the tiger as well as the reader. These are rhetorical questions because no answer is given and answers to these questions are far from obvious. Take into consideration the answer to the first question which may be â€Å"God†

Elections in Africa Essay Example for Free

Elections in Africa Essay The Aim of this essay is based on the clarity on the Elections in Africa if they are a good Measure of democracy. It basically analyses the advantages and disadvantages of elections (in an argument form). The issue of how citizens influence policymaker is central to an understanding of democratic political system. We normally agree that democracy should allow the people to participate in policy making. Hence elections are one of the ways to establish connections between citizens and policy makers and by elections citizens encourage the policymakers to pay attention to their interests. However there are some disagreements about whether and how elections serve to link citizens to policymakers; a number of schools put more emphasis upon accountability and others do on representativeness, even if there have been a lot of theoretical debates about this issue, we have few attempts to test the role of competitive election on popular attitudes towards the legislature. An election is a formal decision making process in which the population chooses an individual to hold a public office. Elections have been the mechanism by which modern representative democracy has been operated since 17TH century. According to Business Dictionary (BD), Election is the act of a party casting vote to choose an individual, for some type of position. It may involve a public or private vote depending on the position. Most positions in the local, state federal governments are voting on the same type of elections. According to (Abraham Lincoln), the word democracy means â€Å"the government of the people, by the people and for the people â€Å". Democracy is term that comes from a Greek and it is made up of two other words, demo which means people and kratain which means to govern or to rule. Democracy can then be literally translated by the following terms, Government of the people or government of the majority. Electoral systems are conventionally divided into two categories, majoritarian. And proportional representations, (Lijphart 1999). Majoritarian system usually employs exclusively single-seat distrust with plurality rule and tends to give greater representation to the two parties and that which receive the most votes. Proportional representation (P.R) System must employ multi-seat districts, usually with party lists, and typically produce parliamentary representation that largely mirrors the vote shares of multi-parties However elections be it Proportional Representation (PR), or Majoritarian type, are instruments of democracy to the degree that they give the people the  influence over policymaking,.(Powell 2000). One fundamental role of elections is the evaluation of the incumbents government. Citizens use elections to reward or punish the incumbents although on the other hand increasingly competitive elections raise the risk of increased election violence, this can be raised in two ways. Firstly, closer elections can increase tension throughout the electoral process; when the outcome of the election is in doubt, all stages of the process including the appointment of the members of the electoral management body, the registration of parties, candidates, and voters; campaigning; voting ;and vote counting and tabulation, becomes more heated. For example, Kenya erupted in chaos in 2007 when incumbent president Mwai kibaki was sworn in hours after being declared the winner in the country’s closest presidential elections ever; the ensuing violence left 1,500 dead and 300,000 displaced. Secondly, as long-term incumbents witness the growing strength of the opposition candidates, they may feel increasingly imperilled and crack down more fiercely on perceived threats, example, after losing the first round of Zimbabwe’s 2008 presidential elections and subsequently manipulating results to force run-off, president Robert Mugabe presided over a wave of widespread and brutal violence against supporters of Morgan Tsvangirai to ensure himself victory in the second round. While these above examples demonstrate the potential of elections to create conflict, elections are often used as a means to end conflict and solidify peace. For this reason, elections usually form a key part of the agreements ending civil wars or conflict. The basic principal behind these post conflict or transitional elections is that of Ballots over Bullets: citizens choosing their political leaders by voting rather than fighting, although in the 1992 Angola elections which was intended to end the c ivil war, this election instead reignited conflict for another ten (10) years. cases such as these have led many to argue that elections are not appropriate for post conflict environment. In majority, however, there is no viable alternative to post conflict elections as a means of achieving legitimate governance; a non elected government is far more susceptible to accusations of illegitimacy than the one chose by the people, and legitimate governance must be achieved as soon as possible following a conflict. Moreover, elections have the potential to create government broadly representative of all disputing political factions. Demonstratively, several  countries have recently held remarkably successful post-conflict elections. For example, Liberia’s elections in 2005 intended to over a decade of civil war were remarkably peaceful and hailed as generally free and fair. Another example is the DRC’s 2006 elections, the first multi-party election in 46 years, were also relatively successful, especially when considering the tremendous logistical challenges that had to be overcome. in these cases therefore, elections facilitated an ongoing transition from dev astating conflict toward greater stability and development. Based on a multi-level analysis of Afro barometer survey data from 17 sub-Saharan African countries, the study examines the influence of these two types of electoral systems; Majoritarian and Proportional Representations-on popular confidence in African parliaments. Controlling for a variety of individual and macro-level characteristics, it was found that citizen’s perceptions of Members of Parliament (MP’s) representations have a positive and significant effect on their trust in legislature. In addition the results suggest that the effect of political representations is mediated by electoral systems. Powell (2000), distinguishes between two versions of elections as instruments of democracy; accountability and representation. Accountability model tries to use elections to bring the power of the people directly to bear on policymakers. Elections offer citizens a periodic opportunity to change the policymakers. Citizens will have control because they will be able, at least occasionally to reject elected officials who are doing the wrong. Competitive elections create a pressure on all incumbents or rather the current policymakers to worry about the next elections and make policy with voters review in mind. On the other hand representation model emphasises citizens should be treated equally at the decisive stage of public policy making. Elections are instruments of citizen’s influence in policy making. Elections should create equitable reflection of all points of view into the legislature. They work as an instrument to choose representatives who can bargain for their voter’s interest in post-election policy making. Elections are not only integral to all these areas of democratic governance, but are also the most visible representations of democracy in action. They are also in most cases the most complicated and expensive single event a country will ever undertake. Good governance, upholding rule of law, and supporting civil society, this testimony examines  all these areas in the context of elections. International support to electoral processes is crucial if democracy is to continue developing on the African continent. Indeed the very purpose of elections is to achieve participatory governance without violence- through political rather than physical competition –and this has succeeded in a number of African countries. South-Africa and Botswana, for example have proven themselves among the continent’s most stable democracies, while Ghana, Mali, and Benin have emerged as democratic stronghold in West Africa. Moreover, countries such as Sierra Leone and Liberia, among the poorest in the world and only recently emerged from civil war, have demonstrated the power of elections to foster and solidify peace. In reality, then, Africa’s experience with the electoral democracy has been mixed; progress has been made but challenges remain. The various elections in past several years-from Kenya and Zimbabwe to Ghana and Sierra Leone- have become historical landmarks for different reasons, varying drastically in their conduct and outcome. This mix of electoral experience has generated considerable debate and passion on the subject of transparent, free and fair electoral process among election stakeholders, especially as democratic progress itself can come with further challenges; as more elections are held as these elections become increasingly competitive, one-party and military regimes face potentially destabilizing challenges that could increase the risk of fraud and violence. In conclusion; elections-especially free and fair, competitive and multi-party elections, are assumed to be a critical component of democratization in emerging democracies, while an election can intensify the polarization of a society along ethnic lines. Competitive elections can force political elites to legitimate their rule through the ballot box. However, we are still debating about how elections serve to link voters and elected Officials. While a group of scholars emphasise the directness and clarity of the connection between voters and policy-makers, others do the representation of all factions in society. Elections help voters to send Members of Parliament (MP’s) representing their interest to the parliament, to some extent elections constitutes a principal avenue of citizen’s involvement in political life. Understanding their effects on public attitudes towards the legislature and the role of the individual  therein has important implications for theories of democratic governance in emerging democracy. Therefore with this information, elections are a good measure of democracy in that they give citizens the participatory right in policy making through their elected representatives. Making it the government of the people by the people and for the people, that’s democracy according to Abraham Lincolnâ €™s definition. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Powell (2000), Elections as instrument of Democracy. 2. Easton David (1965), A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: john Wiley. 3. Norris, Pippa, Eds (1999), Critical Citizen: Global Support for Democratic Governance. New York oxford University press. 4. Lebas, Adrienne (2006), Comparative Politics 38; 419:438. 5. Margolis, M (1979), Viable Democracy. 6. Tordoff, W. Government and Politics in Africa. London McMillan (1993). 7. Rose, Richard, William Mishler, Christian Haerpfer (1998), Democracy and Its Alternatives. 8. Sisk, Timothy D, Andrew Reynolds, Eds (1998), Election and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington; United States Institute of Peace press. 9. Powell G. Bingham (1982), Contemporary Democracies; participation stability and violence. Cambridge University. 10. Almami l. Cyllah. Democracy and Elections in Africa.

The Impact of Technology Essay example -- Technology Technological Pap

The Impact of Technology With all of the new technology forcing itself into our lives, many of us can't help but get sucked into the excitement. So as we struggle to figure out where the future is heading, we ask ourselves is it good or bad? In my opinion, it's a little bit of both. Everything we do uses technology. The computer that I typed this on is one of them. On page 28 in the textbook, there is a short story on how much we use computers daily. Our watches, ATMs, cars, TV’s, and Radio's all use computers to work. Imagine our lives without it. It would be tough, right? People have grown so used to the advantages of technology, life without it would be difficult for most of us. Cell phones are a very popular technology. People can be seen every day talking or carrying around a cellular phone. In larger cities they're seen almost everywhere. They can be used for business and personal use, and they are a important thing to have when in an emergency. Technology changes every day making our society more and more advanced. A February 17, 2004 article from the Detroit Free Press talks about a new watch that does more than tell time. According to the article, you can customize the data your watch will receive and display. Plus you can set the watch to receive MSN instant messages, display your calendar appointments (if you have Outlook 2000 mail software), receive local, national and international weather data, and show news and custom stock information. The MSN Direct network uses FM radio band to transmit information to anywhere that can receive its radio reception. The watch receives its data from the FM signals and displays it on the watch. The watch is called the "Smart Watch" and is made by Fossil. The watch is r... ...be Delphi's XM Roady. Designed only for your vehicle it works through your tape player like the SKYFi model. The Raody costs about $119. I'm sure XM Satellite radio will become extremely popular. The idea of no commercials and more than 100 channels can suck just about anyone in. But how long will it be before commercials take over that too? Who knows, maybe commercials will have their own channel before too long. XM Satellite radios sound like a great idea and a great buy, but I think I'll be waiting until they get a little cheaper. For the most part I believe the future is heading in a good direction, with a lot more convenience for everyone. However, we need to be aware of the problems that can occur if we rely solely on technology. If there is a power outage, or you have an "opportunity," you won't be able to rely on computers or technology to help you.

Venuti’s Theory of Foregnisation Applied to the Phenomenon

Fan-Translation and heterogeneity: Venuti’s theory of foregnisation applied to the phenomenon of fan-translation In this essay I set out to explore the extent to which Lawrence Venuti’s theory of foreignising translation can be usefully applied to explain the practices of fan-translation communities. Fan-translation (hereafter, FT) is a relatively recent phenomenon. O’Hagan , following Flew’s definition of User Generated Content (Flew 2008 in O'Hagan 2009, p. 7) derives the term ‘User Generated Translation’ (hereafter, UGT) in order to describe a â€Å"wide range of translation, carried out based on free use participation in digital media spaces where translation is undertaken by unspecified self-selected individuals† (O'Hagan 2009, p. 97). The user in question is therefore somebody who â€Å"voluntarily act as a ‘remediator’ of linguistically inaccessible products and ‘direct producer’ of translation on the b asis of [his] knowledge of the given language as well as that of a particular media content or genre, spurred by [his] substantial interest in the topic (O'Hagan 2009, p. 7). UGT then could be applied to all those translations carried out by non-professional translators, often for non-financial motives. The term FT in this essay will be used more specifically to describe the practice of those users whose interest is directed towards a particular genre: that of Japanese cultural commodities or, more specifically, Japanese graphic novels (Manga), and animated movies (anime). The question that I would like to address in this essay is whether Lawrence Venuti’s influential theory of translation (Venuti 1995,1998)can help further understanding the phenomenon of FT.The intention of this essay is to claim that some aspects of Venuti’s ‘foregnisation’ theory do indeed serve to characterise fan-translators activities, despite the obvious contextual differences. Thes e differences are easily summarised: FT is not carried out by a single individual or even by a single group of individuals (unlike the cases cited by Venuti, where he either refers to a group of romantic intellectuals in 19th century Germany, or later isolated cases (Venuti 1995, pp. 9-147, 187-272), but a practice carried out on a wider scale, embraced by a greater number of individuals working together as a community of practice, mostly composed of non-professional translators, often very young, not always sharing the same national identity, and mostly lacking the clearly defined cultural agenda that Venuti exposed as a justification for advocating the adoption of foreignising translation practices (Venuti 1995, pp. 6-17). Fandom Fan activities have gathered scholarly attention in recent years due to the opportunities for community building and the ease of sharing content that the recent incarnation of the World Wide Web, or Web 2. 0, offers (see for example (Diaz Cintas and Munoz Sanchez 2006; Lee 2009; Sanchez 2009; Koulikov 2010; Watson 2010; Denison 2011; Lee 2011; Castells and Cardoso 2012).The reason for such scholarly attention is that fan activities, in the form of sharing digital content online, can be said to occupy a ‘liminal space’ (Denison 2011) that is dangerously close to what is often called (but not often clearly defined) ‘piracy’: fan texts that are at the â€Å"liminal edge between fan creativity and piracy. Essentially†¦text augmented by, rather than created by, fans† (Denison 2011, p. 450).For this reason, fan activities built on the relationship that is constituted in the reception of a particular form of literature have been the subject of academic interest: â€Å"Anime texts have become nexus points for discourse around ownership and rights†(Napier 2007 and Thornton 1995 in Denison 2011, p. 450). Within the wider spectrum of fan-related practices, some individuals play the role of ‘pr osumers’: producers and consumers of products, rather than passive spectators (Tapscott and Williams, 2006 in O'Hagan 2009, p. 9). Prosumers not only consume cultural products, but also manifest agency by responding creatively to their favourite text or medium. Some examples of fans creative response analysed by legal scholars could be the theatrical audience participation to showings of The Rocky Horror Show, Town bands performing free concerts, the American musical tradition â€Å"the blues† (Madison 2007, pp. 87-703), amateur fan actors producing new episodes of Star Trek, fan produced Harry Potter Lexicon, fan-made flash based animation derived from music, fan-created version of commercially created virtual mascot Miku Hatsune (Noda 2010, pp. 149-158), which are all forms of participation that sit uneasily with the notion of intellectual property rights. The practices of fans of Japanese comics and animation have been of particular interest to legal theorists (Mehr a 2002; Hatcher 2005; Lessig 2005; Muscar 2006; Noda 2008, 2010).Here it is useful to distinguish between the practices of the dojinshi (hereafter non italicised) community and the practices of the FT community or, to be more specific, communities, since fan translators operating on different media are described with different names: translation of Japanese graphic novels is carried out by a process of Scanlation; subtitling of Japanese animation is carried out by a process called Fansubbing; and finally, the process of modification and translation of video games is called RomHacking. DojinshiWhat are dojinshi, and why are they of interest to legal scholar? Lawrence Lessing, professor of law at Harvard Law School and founding board member of Creative Commons, in his 2004 work Free Culture: how big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity, uses dojinshi as an example of derivative works that could not exist in America, since dojinshi are â€Å"A kind of copycat comic†¦ It is not dojinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly.A dojinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently—with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes the dojinshi sufficiently â€Å"different. † But they must be different if they are to be considered true dojinshi† (Lessig 2005, pp. 25-26) Dojinshi are the Japanese version of what is otherwise called fan-fiction; in other words, unauthorised fan-created version or original works.The term Dojinshi (. Literally ‘dojin’ stands for ‘same person’ and ‘shi’ stands for ‘periodical publication’, which in English could be rendered as Fanzine or Fan-magazine). Dojinshi denoted a type of fan works that are â€Å"self-published, small scale publications written by fans for fans of a particular work (be it a movie, a book, a television series, or a video game) or of a particular romantic pairing possible within that work†(Hemmann 2010).Dojinshi are an important side of the culture that surrounds Japanese graphic novels (manga: literally ‘man’ stands for ‘whimsical’ and ‘ga’ stands for ‘drawings’) in Japan. Manga represent both an industry and a form of expression, so much so that in recent years the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) began to see manga as the new source of Japan’s â€Å"Gross National Cool’ (McGray 2002 in Koulikov 2010, p. 18) and began promoting the country’s content industry abroad (Yoshimoto 2003 in Koulikov 2010, p. 10).The Japanese manga industry and the dojinshi fan-communities reinforce each other in a way that is perhaps surprising to western legal theorists because it raises import ant questions in regards to the efficacy and meaningfulness of copyright practices and of the ideas about originality and authorship that underpins copyright law and associated commercial practices in the west: â€Å"This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga market to shut the doujinshi market down.It flourishes, despite the competition and despite the law [†¦] in the view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga flourish† Lessing 2004, p. 26 The practice of scanlation and fansubbing differ from those of dojinshi artists in some important ways. First of all, they are mostly carried out by fans outside of Japan, and more specifically, while they are carried out in a variety of languages, the majority of the work is carried out by English language fans (Denison 2011, p. 54). Additionally, I wo uld argue that scanlation and fansubbing do not inhabit the same conceptual space of fan-fiction and dojinshi, even if copyright law regards adaptation and translation equally as derivative works (WIPO article 2 (3)). Dojinshi artists working within the idea of ‘complementing the original work’, while unauthorised, are conceptually closer to the wider spectrum of fan activities that are often tolerated in the west (like audience participation to theatrical performances).FT seems to inhabit a narrower conceptual space, closer, and more readily compromised by proximity, to the practices of unauthorised copying that is denounced as piracy, despite the ambiguity of the term piracy itself: â€Å"piracy has never had a stable legal definition and is almost certainly better understood as a product of enforcement debates than as a description of a specific behaviour. The terms blurs, and is often used intentionally to blur, important distinction between types of uncompensated use† (Karaganis et al. 2011, p. ) In order to attempt a conceptualisation of the practices of fan translators, here I would like to adopt Venuti’s framework of domesticating and foreignising translation. My intention in the next part of the essay is to illustrate how FT of Japanese manga and anime could find precedents in the history of translation. In short, I draw from Venuti’s critical genealogy of fluent discourse in the English language translation in order to show that FT should not merely be thought of as free-riding, but that it contains elements of previous use of translation as tool for building a national culture (Venuti 1995, 100).Similarly, FT can be said to represent a vehicle for the construction of sub-cultural capital , the â€Å"knowledge about an area of fandom that allows one to feel comfortable with other like-minded fans, but also to gain status among fellow enthusiasts â€Å" (Napier 2007, p. 150 in Denison 2011, p. 450) Translation Trans lation studies as an academic discipline has a relatively short history, emerging about twenty years ago from the back of comparative literature departments. The independence of translation studies as an academic discipline revolves around its methodology and the questions it aims to answer.Hence, an important question faces every Translation Studies student: should one restrict his enquiry to the analysis of linguistic features of a text, or should attention be paid to the context where the practice of translation takes place: the figure of the translator; his/her motivation; what void in the receiving culture is the translator trying to fill; the interests played behind the importation and exportation of culture; how law, market, social norms and publishing practices all influence the creation of culture of which translation is part of; whether all these form a kind of censorship, and should the translator resist of conform to such censorship, even when is self-censorship? In this essay I would like to explore the possibilities offered by the latter approach, by comparing and contrasting two common elements of contemporary translation: on the one hand, the critical work of Venuti in regards to ‘domestication and foregnisation’ and on the other, the â€Å"phenomenon of user participation in otherwise highly specialised areas of professional translation practice† (O'Hagan 2009, p. 96). To begin with, I would like to introduce the work of Lawrence Venuti (1995, 1998).Venuti describes the state of contemporary translation around the world as characterised by imbalance: the imbalance between the large number of books that are translated from English and the small number of books that are translated into English. This trade imbalance is an effect of the global domination of English which, according to Venuti, leads to a â€Å"complacency in Anglo-American relations with cultural others† apparent in publishing practices in Britain and Ame rica that â€Å"decreases the cultural capital of foreign values in English by limiting the number of foreign text translated and submitting them to domesticating revision† (Venuti 1995, p. 7) According to Venuti, publishing practices in Britain and America reinforce the global domination of English by imposing â€Å"Anglo-American cultural values on a vast foreign readership†, while adopting practices of translation that produce domestic cultures that are â€Å"aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign, accustomed to fluent translations that†¦provide the readers with the narcissistic experience of recognising their own culture in a cultural other†(Venuti 1995, p. 15) Emphasis added). Venuti is critical of the canon of fluency that dominated the practice of translation into English. By fluency, Venuti wants to describe a particular way of translating which emphasise the production of texts that conceal their foreignness and instead makes them app ear as the original expression of the foreign author, essentially unmediated by the process of translation. Venuti defines such process of assimilation, in a manner that conceals the text foreign origin, as ‘domestication’.While admittedly all translation is appropriation and assimilation, domestication has the troubling effect, according to Venuti, of reinforcing an ethnocentric attitude towards foreign cultures: the belief that other cultures are in fact no different from one’s own and therefore, that one’s own culture is universal: â€Å"the prevalence of fluent domestication has supported these developments [the monolingual, unreceptive and narcissistic culture above] because of its economic value: enforced by editors, publishers, and reviewers, fluency results in translation that are eminently readable and therefore consumable in the book market, assisting in their commoditisation and insuring the neglect of foreign texts and English-language transla tions discourses that are more resistant to easy readability (Venuti 1995, pp. 15-16).In order to â€Å"resist and change the conditions under which translation is theorised and practiced today, especially in the English-speaking countries† Venuti wants to put forward a â€Å"strategic cultural intervention in the current state of world affairs, pitched against the hegemonic English language nations and their unequal cultural exchanges in which they engage theory global others† (Venuti 1995, p. 20). Venuti’s argument then is that literary translators, in an effort to challenge current translation practices, should attempt a ‘foreignising’ approach to translation. What this mean in practice is the production of texts that read as translations and the suggested method to achieve this effect is a theory of translation that emphasise heterogeneity of language.Languages are never monolithically homogeneous entities: different agents will employ language in a different way, according to whom, and in what manner, is an utterance is addressed. Standard literary English is language that exists only in translated foreign literature. Foreignising translation then should attempt to disrupt the homogeneity imposed by textual ‘transparency’ and ‘fluidity’ of the reading experience by inserting traces of heterogeneous language (slang, dialect, archaism, cliques, etc†¦ ) into an otherwise canonical translation. Foregnisation, according to Venuti, â€Å"can alter the way translations are read as well as produced† (Venuti 1995, p. 24).Whether foregnisation can achieve the results that Venuti’s cultural political agenda aim towards is still unclear; Venuti himself reports that critical reviews of his translated works did indeed cause some reactions; some reviewers found this choice of words unconvincing, suspecting that Italian romantics would not have expressed themselves with the obvious colloquiali sm that Venuti strategically employed (Venuti 1998, 19). Such criticism only goes to confirm Venuti’s belief: â€Å"the fact is that Italian romantics would not have used most of the words in my translation because they wrote in Italian, not English† (Venuti 1998, 19-20). The reader had to suspend her cultural and linguistic expectations towards to the foreign text and was forced to take notice of the mediated nature of the translated text, exposing in the criticism the â€Å"dominant narrative form† and â€Å"a prevalent ethnic stereotype† (Venuti 1998, 20). Pym (Venuti’s Visibility Anthony Pym Target 8/2 (1996), pp. 65-177) is unconvinced about the passage from foregnisation to the professed democratic agenda: â€Å"if translators refuse to produce fluent texts, if they make themselves visible through the use of â€Å"resistant† strategies†¦all the rest will surely change too. Such would appear to be the gung-ho reasoning that makes Venuti so visible (Pym 2010, p. 2). The passage from a disrupted reading experience to the wider democratic agenda that Venuti takes for granted is rather unclear. Supposing a reader ‘gets’ what Venuti is trying to do and is taken out of the illusion of being actually reading the words of the original author: the reader becomes aware of the translation being a translation. How can this, beyond achieving a degree of visibility for the translators, achieve further goals?Venuti himself is aware of these difficulties and asks â€Å"what would happen if a translator tried to redirect the process of domestication by choosing foreign texts that deviated from transparent discourse and by translating hem so as to signal their linguistic and cultural differences? Would this effort establish more democratic cultural exchanges? Would it change domestic values? Or would it mean banishment to the fringes of Anglo-American culture? † (Venuti 1995, pp. 40-41). Central to Venutià ¢â‚¬â„¢s concerns, however, there is an aspect of translation that Pym recognizes as key to contemporary translation practices: the question of copyrights. Copyrights Venuti dedicated a chapter of his 1995’s work to the Italian writer Iginio Ugo Tarchetti (1839-1869) (Venuti 1995, 148-186). In 1865, Tarchetti plagiarised Shelley’s tale â€Å"the mortal immortal† by translating it into Italian without acknowledging the English author.While Venuti recognises that â€Å"the shrewdness and sheer audacity of Tarchetti’s plagiarism may make it attractive to dissidents in Anglo-American literary culture†, he also recognises the practical limits of such practice: â€Å"Tarchetti’s translation practices cannot be imitated today without significant revision. Plagiarism, for example, is largely excluded by copyright laws that bind translators as well as authors†¦ to publish an unauthorized translation of a copyrighted foreign text is to invite le gal proceedings whose cost will far exceed the translator’s income from even a bestselling translation† (Venuti 1995, 185). Venuti advice to contemporary English-language translator is not break the law, but rather, to choose carefully what to translate: The choice of a foreign text for translation can be just as foreignising in its impact on the target-language culture as the invention of a discursive strategy.At a time when deviations from fluency may limit the circulation of a translation or even prevent it from getting published in the first place, Tarchetti points to the strategic value of discriminating carefully among foreign texts and literatures when a translation project is developed† (Venuti 1995, 185-186). Venuti calls attention to the manner in which contracts and copyright laws regulate the production of translated literature. Translation, according to the Berne international copyright convention is defined as ‘derivative’ work (WIPO art icle 2 (3)). Therefore, translation is morally and legally bound to the will of the original author (WIPO article 8).Copyright law varies according to nations, the US and UK lacking the concept of ‘Author’s rights’ that is present in most continental Europe’s laws, while the US and UK have clearly defined ‘fair use’ clause that are not present in continental Europe. Pym agrees that copyright law on translation need revision: â€Å"The idea of limiting the author’s translation rights to a short period of perhaps five years sounds like an excellent practical way of stimulating translationsâ€Å" but at the same time, he is sceptical of drastic measures: â€Å"But is our complaint really that â€Å"the translator’s authorship is never given full legal recognition†? (Venuti 1995, p. 9) Do we have to do away with the distinction between author and translator, or even with copyright altogether? † (Pym 2010, p. 4).Intern ational Copyright law reinforces the idea that translation is not ‘transformative’ work, which is defined more narrowly in terms of criticism or parody. Translation as derivative work falls within the category of ‘copy’ that is regulated by ‘copy-rights’. While much translation theory in the past 20 years since the emergence of translation studies as an academic discipline has struggled to establish translation as a serious intellectual endeavour worthy of scholarly attention, the commercial reality that regulates the production of translation tells a strikingly different tale: literary translation, as a form of cultural production, is regulated by the practices of the publishing industry.The translation of foreign literature is subject to norms, laws and market restrictions, as well as architectural conditions. Lessing model of restriction that applies to all cultural commodities (i. e. : culture that is bought and sold, of which translated li terature is part of (Lessing 2005, 133). Lessing sees cultural commodities as subjected to restrictions that until the 20th century were fairly balanced: publishers’ rights were regulated by copyrights law, so as to limit their monopoly over the production and distribution of culture. This guaranteed the exclusive ability to reproduce and translate literary works on behalf of the author for a limited time.The concept of a ‘limited monopoly’ was balanced by the fact that once such monopoly expired, artistic works would fall into the public domain and so become available for the general public to read, print, distribute and translate without the need to acquire the copyright holder permission. Unlike the law in continental Europe, according to common law practices in the US and UK, the copyright holder could control the distribution and translation of a work regardless of the author’s wishes. In continental Europe, by contrast, the concept of ‘authorâ €™s rights’ recognise the moral right to claim authorship of a work and to retain the ability of stop distribution of his work.One might wonder if, before the introduction of copyright laws, translators indulged indiscriminately in the plagiarism of foreign works as in the example of Tarchetti. The truth is that until 1790, in the United States the right granted by a copyright only gave the author the exclusive right to ‘publish’ a particular book and did not extend to derivative works: â€Å"it would not interfere with the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted book, or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a published book)† (Lessing 2005, 136) It seems almost impossible in the contemporary world to imagine a time where the right of translators matched those of the foreign author.It seems natural to imagine the chaos that lack of copyrights would cause: an infinite number of translators plagiarisi ng the work of foreign authors and passing them as their own creations. It is this anxiety in regards to plagiarism, of a lack of clearly established standards of authorship that drives suspicion about translation. Authorship as creative genius is a value that is attached to a person or a work of art. This value can be seen reflected in the idea of ‘intellectual property’ which depicts copyrights rights as a natural state of affairs, that is, a natural property right. However, according to William Patry, copyrights are created solely the government and therefore should not be understood as an end in itself, but instead an end to a social objective: furthering learning (Patry moral panic, 103).Patry argues that the essence of property is not absolute dominion over things, but rather, it is determined by a system of social relationships: â€Å"property is quintessentially and absolutely a social institution. Every concept of property reflects†¦those choices that we – as a society- have made† LAURA UNDERKUFFERLER, 203, 54 IN PATRY 103 (Patry 103). That means that copyrights, and the idea of authorship that underpins copyrights, are determined by social practices and therefore reflected in social norms, and finally and more concretely, in the legislation that regulate copyrights. Before copyright renewal in the United States became automatic in 1992, only a small percentage of authors claimed them, and even smaller percentage applied for renewal (Patry, 67-68).Paradoxically, copyright became valuable to corporations only when they were given automatically without authors having to do anything to claim it: â€Å"Survey of renewal rates in the United Stes from 1910 to 2001 found a range between 3 percent in 1910 to 22 percent in 1991†¦of all the books published the united states in 1930, and therefore under copyright until 2025, only 174, or 1. 7 percent, are still in print† (Patry 68). The boundary that separates a legiti mate creative response to a work of art and an illegitimate one is made tangible in law by the prohibition to copy, adapt or translate without the consent of the foreign author. Such law, which seems almost common sense in contemporary society, has a relatively short history. Changing attitudes towards intellectual property rights reflect contemporary anxiety in regards to originality and authorship, which contributes to the marginality of translation.According to Venuti â€Å"whereas authorship is generally defined as originality, self-expression in a unique text, translation is derivative, neither self-expression nor unique: it imitates another text given the reigning concept of authorship, translation provokes the fear of inauthenticity, distortion, contamination† (Venuti 1998, 31). This anxiety affects the most those concerned about plagiarism, especially academic institutions and academic publishing: â€Å"translation is rarely considered a form of literary scholarship, it does not currently constitute a qualification for an academic appointment in a particular field or area of literary study, and, compared to original compositions translated texts are infrequently made the object of literary research† (Venuti 1998, 32). Here Venuti is critical of the academic deference towards the ‘original’ at the expenses of translation.The concept of authorship here joins that of fluent translation in an attempt to present the foreign author as the one who is ‘speaking’ through the medium of the text, in order to â€Å"ascertain the authorial intention that constitutes originality† (Venuti 1998, 31). The Translator hence become an uncomfortable middle man that must hide, as much as possible, both the facts that the text in question is a not the original, and that the foreign author did not employ the language of the translation. The middle man goes unnoticed, not by mere oversight, but quite deliberately. Copyright law, a lso reflected in translation contracts, perpetuate this neglect. Copyright, as we have seen, by defining translation as derivative work, justify contracts that employ translators as work-for-hire, so that the product of their work belongs to the publishing company who do not have to acknowledge the translator.Practical example of this is the lack of the translator’s name on the cover of a volume or in library catalogue indexes, or the disparity between the royalties that the translator receives in comparison to those of the foreign author. The disparity between authorship and translation affects the whole production of commercially translated literature. What i would like to explore next is the side of contemporary translation that is not affected by commercial consideration or in need of academic recognition. Here the terminology varies from non-commercial translation to amateur translation or fan-translation, but from the point of view of copyright holders it represents a m ore straightforward phenomenon: theft of intellectual property, or in other words, piracy. PiracyAs Castells and Cardoso points out, we usually look at media consumption, of which translated literature is an example of, starting from a media industry definition (Castells and Cardoso 2012). In other words, the content that is normally available to us to read, watch or listen to is usually made available through the payment of a fee or because it is supported by advertising. The commercial relationship that binds together media companies and individual is regulated by a set of rules that are legally formalised into rights and obligations (Castells and Cardoso 2012). Piracy, by infringing these rights and obligations, can be a usefully employed to illustrate some of the issues that characterise the status of translation in the current world, how translation is produced and distributed.In short, the argument I would like to put forward is such: piracy is used to describe everything that is not in the public domain but that can be obtained from non-authorised sources, shared with others, whether for free or not. This means that piracy could be whatever is made available to share that contain even parts, or traces, or adaptations, of existing copyrighted works. A pirate here is defined as anybody who makes use of existing copyrighted material in order to express something of his own (with the exception of criticism or parody, which are allowed by law) (WIPO? ). On one side of the debate there are internet users and in particular peer-to-peer (P2P) networks function as efficient tools of distribution of digital content. On the other, litigious media corporations fighting a moral crusade against intellectual theft.The sides of this war, however, assume different connotations depending on who is doing the description: for the copyright holding corporations, authors are being robbed of the fruits of their work; here the fight is described as one between intellectual cop yright owners and thieves. On the other side, is it estimated that more than 40 million American citizens have used the internet to download content; hence a substantial part of US citizens is being criminalised. Lessing asks: â€Å"Is there another way to assure that artists get paid without transforming forty-three million Americans into felons? Does it make sense if there are other ways to assure that artists get paid without transforming America into a nation of felons? † (Lessing 2005, 202).The model of distribution of culture that once revolved around a few selected corporations is now being challenged by technological innovations that were unimaginable a generation ago. Digital content can be shared across the world free of physical constrains (such as books, shops, printing press, etc. ) but also free from the editors, publishers, and reviewers which Venuti sees as the source of neglect of foreign texts and translation practices that emphasise heterogeneity of discour se. The sharing possibilities offered by the net act as a source of heterogeneity: they provide easily accessible, free to share, translated foreign literature that constitutes an alternative to what is available commercially.Venuti limited his theory of translation within the boundaries of commercial translation, albeit as a form of dissidence in respect to the practices enforced by institutional channels. What is of interested here from the point of view of translation are the possibilities offered by working outside the commercial paradigm, the translation practices of those communities that focus on literature, like dojinshi, that are not accessible to the translators working within the legitimate sphere, whether due to social norms, ideology, poetics, of purely economic reasons. The net provides a venue (cultural space? Deleuze and Guattari) for that sub-cultures that are neglected by commercial organizations (and that could not be catered for legally by other institutions). 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